1. Julia

Julia is a high-level dynamic, high-performance programming language with numerous options. It is well-suited for computational science and numerical analysis. Julia is different from other languages due to its type system, which includes parametric polymorphism, and its dynamic programming paradigm that provides multiple dispatches.

Fast – Julia was developed from the beginning to offer the highest performance. Julia programs are compiled to efficient native code for various platforms using LLVM.

Dynamic – Julia is a dynamically-typed language and appears to be a scripting language, and offers excellent support for interactive usage.

Reproducible – Reproducible environments allow you to create the exact Julia environment repeatedly and across different platforms, which is done using already-built binaries.

Composable – Julia utilizes multi-dispatch as its method, which makes it simple to describe a wide range of object-oriented and functional patterning patterns. The talk on the Unreasonable effectiveness of Multiple Dispatches explains why it is so effective.

General – Julia allows asynchronous I/O meta-programming, debugging profiling, logging, package manager, and much more. You can create complete Applications and Microservices with Julia.

Open-source – Julia is an open-source project with more than 1,000 contributors, and Julia is available by the MIT license.

2. Rust

Rust is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It is optimized for safety and performance, including safe concurrency. It is speedy, memory-efficient, and has a rich type system and an ownership model. It can achieve memory safety without the need for garbage collection, and reference counting is an option.

Performance – Rust is speedy and efficient in memory and has no runtime or garbage collector; it can provide performance-critical services, operate with embedded hardware, and connect to other languages.

Reliability – Rust’s rich type system, as well as its ownership model, assure memory safety and thread safety -allowing you to get rid of a variety of bugs in the time of compiling.

Productivity – Rust is an excellent source of documentation, a user-friendly compiler with helpful error messages, as well as top-quality tools — including the integrated package manager, a build tool, competent multi-editor support, auto-completion and types inspections, an auto-formatter, and many more.

3. Elixir

Elixir, a dynamic functional language, builds scalable and maintainable apps. The Erlang VM is a low-latency, distributed, and fault-tolerant system that can be used to leverage Elixir. Elixir provides both productive toolings as well as an extensible design.

Scalability – All Elixir software runs within lightweight processes. These are threads (called processes) that are separate and exchange data through messages. Due to their lightness and low power, it’s not uncommon to have thousands of processes running simultaneously on an identical machine. Separation allows for processes to be separated from garbage collection, which reduces the number of system-wide pauses and makes use of all machine capabilities as efficiently as is possible (vertical scaling).

Fault-tolerance – To deal with problems, Elixir provides supervisors who explain how to restart components of your system if issues occur and then go back to a condition that’s guaranteed to function. The combination of fault tolerance and event-driven programming through message passing allows Elixir an ideal choice for reactive programming and robust architectures.

Functional programming – Functional programming is a programming style that allows developers to create quick and simple code to maintain.

Interactive development – Tools such as IEx (Elixir’s Interactive Shell) can take advantage of several aspects of the platform and language to offer automated tools for debugging, auto-complete, and code reloading, as well as beautifully formatted documentation.

4. Apache Groovy

Apache Groovy, a multi-faceted language that runs on the Java platform, is available. It is an optionally typed and powerful dynamic language that can build Java applications. It can be integrated seamlessly with Java programs and delivers powerful features such as scripting capabilities, domain-specific language authoring, and many more.

Straight learning curve – Concise, easy-to-read, and expressive syntax, simple to master and use by Java developers.

Highly effective features – Closures builders, runtime, compilation-time meta-programming, functional programming type inference, and a static compilation.

Smooth Java integration – It seamlessly and transparently integrates and works seamlessly and transparently with Java and all third-party library.

Domain-Specific Languages – Flexible and malleable syntax, advanced integration, and customization tools allow you to incorporate clear business rules into your applications.

A vibrant ecosystem – Website development and reactive apps such as concurrency, asynchronous or parallelism frameworks for testing, library and build software, analysis of code GUI design.

The scripting and testing glue – Excellent to write concise and easy-to-maintain tests, as well as for all of your building and automation tasks.

5. Kotlin

Kotlin is cross-platform, statistically typed, general-purpose programming that uses type inference. It’s designed to work in complete harmony with Java, so users can fully utilize the JVM libraries and frameworks. It also has excellent support from its ever-growing global network.

Kotlin is Open-Source – The first thing to be aware of concerning Kotlin is open source programming. In addition to the fact that it is open-source, Kotlin offers a one-click tool that allows developers can change the existing Java code.

If an Android app developer is unfamiliar with Kotlin and would like to learn the basics, it is recommended to take the beginner course offered at Udemy or Udacity. These courses will allow you to improve your abilities.

Kotlin Supports Full Java Interoperability – One of Android Kotlin is its deep compatibility with Java, which has drawn many Java developers and Android application developers to study Kotlin.

It is based on JVM and includes Java libraries and tools, allowing full Java interoperability.

The two languages co-exist, which allows developers to work efficiently. Developers can quickly build an Android project for both languages thanks to this feature called interoperability.

Kotlin Comes With Lazy-Loading Feature – The lazy loading feature is essentially a way to increase the time to start up, which is extremely useful for Android development.

This is the most effective solution for developers looking to cut down their Android app’s startup time to ensure that their app’s content will be displayed faster.

With the lazy loading feature, Android developers can load sole resources into the main memory that are required. If you’re searching for this feature, Kotlin is the ideal option.

6. TypeScript

TypeScript is a strong-typed programming language. It builds on JavaScript to allow for tighter integration with an editor. It can be used to create JavaScript applications that run on both the client and server-side. It supports multiple definition files, including type information from existing JavaScript libraries.

Object-Oriented Language – TypeScript offers full functionality that is a language for object-oriented programs, such as interfaces, classes inheritance modules, etc. In TypeScript, we can create code for the server and client-side development.

TypeScript is compatible with JavaScript libraries – TypeScript can be used with any JavaScript elements, and it permits developers to use existing JavaScript code in conjunction with TypeScript. We can efficiently utilize all JavaScript frameworks, tools, and other libraries.

JavaScript can be described as TypeScript – The programming code written using JavaScript with a valid .js extension can be converted into TypeScript by changing the extension from .js into .ts and then compiled with different TypeScript files.

TypeScript can be portable – TypeScript has the advantage of being portable since it can be run on all devices, browsers, or operating systems. It can be executed in any system that JavaScript is running on, and it’s not restricted to any particular virtual machine for execution.

7. Clojure

Clojure is an evolving programming language suitable for general use that blends the simplicity of scripting languages and an infrastructure robust enough to support multi-thread programming. Clojure is not a language that is compiled but remains completely fluid – every feature offered by Clojure is implemented during running. Clojure allows simple access to Java frameworks and optional type hints and inference, which ensures the calls made to Java are not reflected.

Dynamic Development – Clojure is a dynamic and interactive environment that you can interact with. Nearly all language concepts are reified, which means they can be analyzed and altered. You can expand your program by having information loaded, adding new features or fixing bugs, and testing, all in an uninterrupted stream.

Functional Programming – Clojure offers the tools needed to keep the state from changing; it also functions as first-class objects and focuses on Recursive Iteration, not looping based on side effects. Clojure isn’t perfect, yet it is a strong advocate that applications that work better are more durable.

LISP – Clojure is a part of the Lisp family of languages. A number of the features in Lisp have been adopted to other languages; however, the way that Lisp code is structured and its macro system remain what sets its own apart. Furthermore, Clojure’s maps set and vectors function the first classes in Clojure like lists in Lisp.

Runtime Polymorphism – Systems that use runtime polymorphism make it easier to modify and expand. Clojure provides simple, powerful, and flexible ways to implement runtime polymorphism. Clojure’s datatypes and protocols provide abstraction mechanisms and the definition of data structures without restrictions on the features provided by the platform host.

8. F#

F# is a functional, general-purpose, strongly-typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. It is often used for cross-platform common language infrastructure (CLI) on .Net and can generate JavaScript and GPU code.

Conciseness – F# offers neat and clean code that allows you to write code with no curling brackets semicolons, and the list goes on. It isn’t necessary to include a type declaration in your code because of the type inference. Furthermore, you can complete your code with fewer lines than in other languages.

Convenience – The most common programming jobs are more accessible with F#. It is easy to create and solve complex issues. Since functions are first-class objects, it’s easy to develop efficient and reusable code by developing functions that take other functions as parameters.

Correctness – F# has a robust type system that helps tackle common type errors such as null reference exceptions. F# is a strongly typed language that allows you to write error-free code. It can easily be detected when you compile it as an error of type.

Concurrency – F# has several built-in functions and libraries that manage the programming system in the event of multiprocessing. F# also allows Asynchronous programming, a message queuing system, and supports handling events. The data stored in F# is mutable by default, so sharing data is secure. It avoids lock during code communication.

9. Dart

Dart is a programming language designed for client development, such as web and mobile applications. It is an object-oriented programming language that is fully optimized to build user interfaces, and interfaces, mixins, and abstract classes are all supported.

Object-Oriented Programming – Dart is an object-oriented programming language with an inheritance feature, interfaces, and optional typing options. Dart also has mixins, interfaces, abstract class, modified generics static typing, and an extremely robust type system.

Open Source – Dart is an open-source language, and it includes a set of tools to compile and execute Dart Code. Dart Code is acknowledged by the ECMA standard and comes under the BSD license.

Cross-Platform – Dart is cross-platform, and it supports the majority of operating systems. The Dart compiler comes with its Virtual Machine that lets Dart applications be run across any system.

Browser support – The Dart code can be trans compiled into JavaScript through the source-to-source compiler. Dar2js is a compiler that can convert Dart codes into optimized JavaScript code that can run on every modern browser.

10. PureScript

It is a strong-typed functional programming language. It compiles readable JavaScript and quickly and effectively reuses existing JavaScript code. You can use it to create web, server-side, and desktop applications using Electron.

Conclusion

We have talked about some of the top oldest languages that are all highly sought-after; big companies are always searching for developers who have these skills. These languages are sure to enhance your career, should you choose to focus on them.

If you find anything incorrect in the above-discussed topic and have further questions, please comment below.

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